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J3akar Dads Evtns w:

Write an invariant for the library problem using the expressions from Example 14.1. library self.holdings.copy.borrowed = self.cardholders.checkedout The underlined library states the context of this invariant. The invariant states that the set of loans of books borrowed by cardholders is the same as the set of book copies checked out. library self.holdings.copy = self.cardholders.checkedout.borrowed The preceding invariant is correct type-wise, but it is not true. The expression self.holdings.copy evaluates to the set of all instances of copy of book in the library. The other expression evaluates to the set of all instances of copy of book that are currently checked out. This would only be true if all the books in the library were currently checked out.

55281882977 89' 846112103 85 6526336670 92

The first line invokes the of s tream constructor which opens file grades . dat as an output file, constructs the stream out file, and attaches that stream to the file. The second line invokes the overloaded negation operator ! to ensure that the file is opened properly. If not, an error message is printed and the program is terminated. Otherwise, the program uses an input loop to read names, identification numbers, and grades from the standard input and writes them to the external file. The resulting external file looks like this:

grades.dat 209134662 Adams 83 552818829 Baker 77 310051782 Cohen 89 446112103 Davis 85 616336670 Evans 92 !

boolean true()

The <fstream.h> from an external file:

Write an invariant that says that Grapes of Wrath is not in the library. book self.name <> Grapes of Wrath The context is the class book. The expression self.name evaluates to the value of the name of the book.

main0 .i ifstream infile("grades.dat", ios::in); if (!infile) { cerr CC "Error: input file could not be opened.\n"; exit(l); char id[9], name[16]; int grade, sum = 0, count = 0; while (infile >> id >> name >> grade) { sum += grade; ++count; J infile.close(); tout cc 'The grade average is ' CC float(sum

/count CC endl;

This works like the previous example. Note how the inf i 1 e stream is used to control the whi 1 e loop the same way that the tin stream was used in the previous example.

A file can be opened for both input and output simultaneously in C++. This is illustrated in Example 14.9 which modifies an existing text file by capitalizing all of its lowercase characters.

212 14.3.4

This program capitalizes all the characters in a text file. It gets the name of the text file from the command line argument argv [ 1 ] which passes it to the f s tream constructor to open the file as iof ile: #include #include #include main(int cfstream.h> cstdlib.h> cctype.h> // defines ofstream class // defines exit0 function // defines islower(), toupper functions

argc, char** argv)

fstream iofile(argv[l], ios::in I ios::out); if (!iofile) { cerr CC "Error: file could not be opened.\n"; exit(l); char c; while ((c = iofile.get()) != EOF) if (islower( { iofile.seekp(-1, ios::cur); iofile.put(toupper(c)); > iofile.close();

Note that the logical expression i o s : : in I i o s : : out is used to open io f i 1 e for both input and output. This allows the file to be modified character-by-character. The modification is done by applying the seekp ( > and put ( > functions to io f i le. The call ios: : cur) uses the parameter -1 to backup over the character just read so that it could read or write it again. Then the call io f i 1 e . put ( toupper ( c ) ) replaces that character with the capitalized version of the character c.

OCL has many operations on collections: size, count(object), includes (object), sum, and includesall(collection).

iofile.seekp(-1,

Suppose that the following file named Gettysburg . tx t has been prepared:

Gettysburg.txt Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.